Characterization of Recycled Aggregates in Existing Pavement Base Layers (2024)

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Volume 47, Issue 1

January 2024

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Research-Article

Hani H. Titi,

Hani H. Titi

1

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

,

3200N. Cramer St., Milwaukee, WI53211

,

USA

(Corresponding author), e-mail: hanititi@uwm.edu, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8919-0861

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Mohammad Sooman,

Mohammad Sooman

2

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

,

3200N. Cramer St., Milwaukee, WI53211

,

USA

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Habib Tabatabai

Habib Tabatabai

2

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

,

3200N. Cramer St., Milwaukee, WI53211

,

USA

Search for other works by this author on:

This Site

Author and Article Information

Hani H. Titi

1

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

,

3200N. Cramer St., Milwaukee, WI53211

,

USA

(Corresponding author), e-mail: hanititi@uwm.edu, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8919-0861

Mohammad Sooman

2

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

,

3200N. Cramer St., Milwaukee, WI53211

,

USA

Habib Tabatabai

2

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

,

3200N. Cramer St., Milwaukee, WI53211

,

USA

ASTM International is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions expressed in this paper. ASTM International does not endorse any products represented in this paper.

Geotech. Test. J.. Jan 2024, 47(1): 22-44 (23 pages)

Paper No: GTJ20220268 https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ20220268

Published Online: November 7, 2023

Article history

Received:

December 5, 2022

Revised:

August 18, 2023

Accepted:

August 30, 2023

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Citation

Titi, H. H., Sooman, M., and Tabatabai, H. (November 7, 2023). "Characterization of Recycled Aggregates in Existing Pavement Base Layers." ASTM International. Geotech. Test. J.. January 2024; 47(1): 22–44. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ20220268

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ABSTRACT

The use of recycled pavement materials in transportation infrastructure projects has contributed positively to maintaining a sustainable flow of construction materials and sources. Geotechnical properties of recycled pavement materials play a major role in the suitability of such materials for use in civil infrastructure. This study aimed at evaluating the properties of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) and reclaimed asphalt pavements (RAP) used as base layer materials in existing hot mix asphalt pavements (with service life of more than 8 years) and comparing them with virgin crushed aggregate (CA) base materials of similar service life. Coring of flexible pavement surface layers at 18 pavement sites was performed to expose the base course layer materials for sampling and testing. Then, the dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP) test was conducted in which the cone penetrated through base layers to the subgrade when possible. Thereafter, base materials were retrieved from the pavement sites for laboratory testing and evaluation. Laboratory tests consisted of particle size analysis, specific gravity and absorption, and Micro-Deval abrasion. Analysis of the particle size distribution showed the presence of high sand size fractions in both RCA and RAP base materials compared with virgin CA base materials. This indicated the recycled materials were crushed/milled to smaller size fractions or degraded under freeze-thaw cycles and traffic loads during the pavement’s service life, or both. The RCA base materials exhibited the highest absorption and mass loss in the Micro-Deval test. The DCP test results were used to predict California bearing ratio (CBR) and resilient modulus (Mr) of base materials. The predicted CBR and resilient modulus of the recycled base materials showed that RCA, RAP, and CA all had comparable strength and modulus values that were high. The investigated recycled RCA and RAP aggregates possessed properties that are comparable with the properties of the virgin CA.

Issue Section:

Technical Manuscript

Keywords:

recycled concrete aggregate, reclaimed asphalt pavement, crushed aggregate, hot mix asphalt pavement, base layers, particle size distribution, absorption, Micro-Deval, dynamic cone penetrometer, California bearing ratio, resilient modulus

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FAQs

What are the characteristics of recycled aggregate concrete? ›

Compared to natural aggregates, recycled concrete aggregates have (Marinković et al., 2012): decreased density up to 10%, higher porosity and higher water absorption: for coarse RCA it ranges from 2% to 9% and for fine RCA from 5.5% to 13%, increased Los Angeles abrasion loss up to 70%.

Tell Me More ›
What is are the potential problems associated with using recycled aggregates in concrete? ›

Recycled concrete with substitutions of natural gravel by 30-50% can present greater long-term shrinkage and creep, depending on the quantity and diameter of the pores of the recycled aggregates as well as on the quantity of cement added.

Tell Me More ›
What is the difference between normal aggregate and recycled aggregate? ›

Recycled aggregates generally have densities slightly less than the original materials used. One main difference between recycled aggregates and natural aggregates is the higher water absorption due to the presence of old cement mortar adhered to the recycled aggregate particles.

See Details ›
What factors assess the quality of recycled aggregate? ›

The physical and mechanical characteristics including: aggregate strength, gradation, absorption, specific gravity, shape and texture, play crucial roles in determining concrete strength. The quality of recycled aggregate is generally influenced by the loading and exposure conditions of demolished structures.

Know More ›
What are the disadvantages of recycled concrete? ›

Depending on the grade of the concrete, its strength may have lessened over the years, with compressive strength in recycled concrete found to decrease by 10-30%, which means that it might not be suitable or even safe to use in another project.

Get More Info Here ›
Is there a code for recycled aggregate? ›

The mix design for these replacement ratios are done by using code of IS 10262-2009.

Know More ›
What is the benefit of using recycled crushed concrete as the aggregate in concrete? ›

At the same time, new concrete is being created to begin the process all over again. There is a solution to this wasteful, expensive cycle. It's recycling! Recycling crushed concrete to be reused helps reduce landfill crowding AND saves more resources from being used to create new concrete.

Get More Info ›
How can you increase the strength of recycled aggregate concrete? ›

Treatment of the recycled aggregate by impregnation of silica fume solution and by ultrasonic cleaning was studied with the objective of overcoming the above-mentioned limitations. An increase of ⬃30 and ⬃15% in the compressive strength at ages 7 and 28 days was observed after the silica fume treatment.

Discover More ›
What is the effect of recycled plastic aggregates on concrete? ›

The results indicate that the addition of specific categories of plastic waste enhances the workability and reduces the density, compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths of concrete to acceptable levels compared to the control samples.

See Details ›
What are the tests for recycled aggregates? ›

Water absorption test, specific gravity test ,sieve analysis test, mix design, slump test ,compressive strength test for all The major test are computed. The slump of recycled aggregate concrete is more than the normal concrete. At the end it can be said that the RCA can be used for obtaining good quality concrete.

Learn More Now ›

Is recycled concrete aggregate cheaper? ›

Three Advantages Of Using Recycled Concrete

These are affordability, sustainability and product quality. Recycled concrete is cheaper than virgin aggregate. This is because recycled concrete has a much more efficient process, and costs far less to produce.

Read On ›
Why use recycled aggregate? ›

By removing both the waste disposal and new material production needs, transportation requirements for the project are significantly reduced. In addition to the resource management aspect, recycled concrete aggregates absorb a large amount of carbon dioxide from the surrounding environment.

Know More ›
What are the problems of recycled aggregate? ›

One of the main challenges of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) is the fractured surface, which often results in reduced strength and loss of concrete durability.

Read More ›
What are the physical properties of recycled aggregate? ›

The properties of RCA such as specific gravity, absorption, and the amount of contaminant present in it contribute to the strength and durability of concrete. The quality of RCA depends on the features of the original aggregate and the condition of the demolished concrete.

Read The Full Story ›
What is the effect of recycled aggregate on concrete properties? ›

The compressive and splitting tensile strengths of concrete made with recycled coarse aggregate depend on the mix proportions. In general, the strength of recycled concrete can be 10–25% lower than that of conventional concrete made with natural coarse aggregate.

Tell Me More ›
What is the strength of recycled concrete? ›

The recycled aggregate concrete has a compressive strength of at least 76% and modulus of elasticity from 60% to 100% of the control mix.

Continue Reading ›
What is the effect of recycled concrete aggregate? ›

The mechanical properties (crushing value) of the used RCA were visibly lower than the natural coarse aggregates (NCA). Thus, RCA-concrete showed lower performance than the NCA-concrete. It was found that by using up to 30% coarse RCA, the mechanical properties of concrete were not significantly affected.

Show Me More ›
Why is recycled concrete good? ›

There are many benefits to using recycled concrete for everyone involved: Landfills become more and more full every year, which is hardly good for the environment. With less concrete in landfills, it means that landfill space is a little lighter. Reduction in tipping and freight charges.

Continue Reading ›
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